About Us
IRLE is an interdisciplinary institute at the University of California, Berkeley that connects world-class research with policy to improve workers’ lives, communities, and society.
Read More Right Arrow
People
Contact
Impact
History
Job Opportunities
Support IRLE
Research Centers
IRLE is home to several nationally-recognized centers conducting research, education, and outreach on pressing labor and employment issues.
Labor Center
California Policy Lab (CPL)
California Public Employee Relations (CPER)
Center for the Study of Child Care Employment (CSCCE)
Center on Wage and Employment Dynamics (CWED)
Macro Labor Center for the Study of Aggregate Labor Markets, Policies, and Institutions
Publications
Explore reports, policy briefs, and working papers from IRLE and our research centers.
Working Papers
Policy Briefs
Student Publications
Scholarly Publications
Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society
Faculty Resources
IRLE provides funding, grant management, publishing opportunities, and community for Berkeley labor scholars.
Explore Resources Right Arrow
Faculty Research Awards
Visiting Scholars Program
Grant Management
Student Opportunities
IRLE provides funding, training, publishing opportunities, and community for emerging graduate and undergraduate labor scholars.
Graduate Research Awards
Dissertation Fellowship
Social Sciences Research Pathways
Faculty-Led Research Cohorts
Labor Studies
Newsroom
Check out the latest IRLE news and connect with faculty and staff experts.
Our Experts
In the News
Events
Newsletter Archive
The Acceptability of Layoffs and Pay Cuts: Comparing North America with Germany
November 1, 2005 • Working Papers • By David I. Levine, Gesine Stephan, Knut Gerlach and Olaf Struck
Abstract Substantial evidence shows that North Americans are generally more accepting of the market than Europeans and attribute market outcomes to a larger degree to effort or skill. Thus, we…
